Friday 22 February 2013

Cute Pictures Of Baby Puppies

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Cute Pictures Of Baby Puppies Biography
A bark is a noise most commonly produced by dogs. Other animals that make this noise include wolves, pinnipeds, foxes and quolls. Woof is the most common representation in the English language for this sound (especially for large dogs). Other transliterations include the onomatopoeic ruff, arf, au au, yip (for small dogs), and bow-wow. "Bark" is also a verb that describes the sharp explosive cry of certain animals.Dog barking is distinct from wolf barking. Wolf barks compose only 2.3% of all wolf vocalizations[1] and are described as “rare” occurrences.[2] According to Schassburger, wolves bark only in warning, defense, and protest. In contrast, dogs bark in a wide variety of social situations, with acoustic communication in dogs being described as hypertrophic.[3] Additionally, while wolf barks tend to be brief and isolated, adult dogs bark in long, rhythmic stanzas. Dogs have been known to bark for hours on end.[4]
While a distinct reason for the difference is unknown, a strong hypothesis is that the vocal communication of dogs developed due to their domestication.[4] As evidenced by the farm-fox experiment, the process of domestication alters a breed in more ways than just tameness.[5] Domesticated breeds show vast physical differences from their wild counterparts, notably an evolution that suggests neoteny, or the retention of juvenile characteristics in adults.[6] Adult dogs have, for example large heads, floppy ears, and shortened snouts – all characteristics seen in wolf puppies.[7] The behavior, too, of adult dogs shows puppy-like characteristics: dogs are submissive, they whine, and they frequently bark. The experiment illustrates how selecting for one trait (in this case, tameness) can create profound by-products, both physical and behavioral.
The frequency of barking in dogs in relation to wolves could also be the product of the very different social environment of dogs. Dogs live in extraordinarily close range with humans, in many societies kept solely as companion animals. From a very young age, humans tend to be one of a dog’s primary social contacts. This captive environment presents very different stimuli than would be found by wolves in the wild. While wolves have vast territories, dogs do not. The boundaries of a captive dog’s territory will be visited frequently by intruders, thus triggering the bark response as a warning. Additionally, dogs densely populate urban areas, allowing more opportunity to meet new dogs and be social. For example, it is possible that kenneled dogs may have increased barking due to a desire to facilitate social behavior. Dogs’ close relationship with humans also renders dogs reliant on humans, even for basic needs. Barking is a way to attract attention, and the behavior is continued by the positive response exhibited by the owners (e.g., if a dog barks to get food and the owner feeds it, the dog is being conditioned to continue said behavior.)[8]
[edit]Types of barking
The barking of domestic dogs is a controversial topic; while some suggest it is “non-communicative”,[9] others insist it is a means of expression that became increasingly sophisticated during domestication. It is very important to note that, due to the lack of consensus over whether or not dogs actually communicate using their barks, there has not been much work done on categorizing the different types of barking in dogs, and what has been done has been criticized by Feddersen-Petersen as “lack[ing] objectivity.” Using sonographic methods, Feddersen-Petersen identified several distinct “types” of barks, and then analyzed them for meanings, functions, and emotions. He separated dog barks into subgroups based on said sonographic data:
• infantile bark (pup yelp) = harmonic, emitted spontaneously as a distress call or a protest
• harmonic play bark = mixed sounds involving “concurrent superimposition” of growls, noisy bark; after said bark, there was often initiated play behavior
• “Christmas tree” bark = showed “Christmas tree” effect on the sonogram; there is a “sequential loss of overtones;” seen in German Shepherds, Alaskan Malamutes
• noisy overlappings = seen in poodles; short, overlapping sounds
• pure harmonic sound = often accompanied with play behavior
• specific vibrato-growl
• noisy bark = seen in Alaskan Malamutes; agonistic contexts only
• play-solicitated barks = often combined with growls, other bark subunits; corresponding play behavior
• noisy play bark = harsh, short sound; low pitched with an extremely short, sharp rise; associated with more harsh play-fighting; seen predominantly in play-fighting of American Staffordshire Terriers, Bull Terriers; “often show[ed] change-overs to aggressive interactions”
• threat bark = short, low-pitched sound
• warning bark = short, low-pitched sound
Not all breeds displayed every subgroup of barking; the difference in the vocalization of different breeds is striking. Poodles showed the least of all subunits of barking. Additionally, barking was shown to not be nearly as variable in wolves. For example, wolf barks are rarely harmonic, tending instead to be noisy.[10]
There is some evidence that humans can determine the suspected emotions of dogs while listening to barks that were emitted during specific situations. Humans scored the emotions of the dogs performing these barks very similarly and in ways that made sense according to the situation at hand (e.g., if the recording was of a dog tied alone to a tree, a situation in which one could reasonably infer that the dog would be upset, the human listeners tended to rank the bark as having a high level of despair.) It has been suggested that this may be evidence for the idea that dog barks have evolved to be a form of communication with humans specifically, since humans can so readily determine a dog’s needs simply by listening to canine vocalizations. Additionally, this may suggest that barks are more than just random sounds and indeed contain some sort of “meaning.”[11] Further studies have backed up this hypothesis by showing that the acoustic structure of a bark does “vary considerably with context,” thus suggesting that dog barks do serve a commutative purpose.
Nuisance-barking dogs sound off for no particular reason. "Many dogs bark when they hear other dogs barking," said Katherine A. Houpt, V.M.D., Ph.D., director of the Cornell Animal Behavior Clinic. Nuisance, inappropriate, or excessive barking comprises between 13 and 35 percent of behavior-problem complaints by dog owners, Houpt noted. The electric collars deliver an irritating shock of adjustable intensity when a vibration sensor in the collar detects barking. The citronella collar releases a spray of the plant-based fragrance when a microphone in the collar senses barking. For the eight dogs that wore both types of collars (one shepherd mix did not complete the study), all owners found the citronella collar to be effective in reducing or stopping nuisance barking and most preferred the fragrance spray. Four out of eight owners said electric shocks had no effect on their dogs—they kept on barking. The citronella collars were not without problems, Juarbe-D'az noted. One dog owner complained that citronella oil stained the upholstery when the couch-potato pooch barked. "One owner thought the scent was preferable to her dog's body odor."[13]
Canine barking can be a nuisance to neighbours, and is a common problem dog owners or their neighbours may face. (Many dogs can bark at 100 dBA. Even at 17.5 yards away and with the dog outside a closed window, the noise level of a barking dog can be well over the level that causes psychological distress.[14]) Different kinds of barking often require different kinds of approach to reduction
Cute Pictures Of Baby Puppies Biography
Cute Pictures Of Baby Puppies Biography
Cute Pictures Of Baby Puppies Biography
Cute Pictures Of Baby Puppies Biography
Cute Pictures Of Baby Puppies Biography
Cute Pictures Of Baby Puppies Biography
Cute Pictures Of Baby Puppies Biography
Cute Pictures Of Baby Puppies Biography
Cute Pictures Of Baby Puppies Biography
Cute Pictures Of Baby Puppies Biography
Cute Pictures Of Baby Puppies Biography

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